Journal of Science and Teacher Education
Journal of Science and Teacher Education is a journal focusing on publishing research articles especially in Lao PDR
An Evaluation of the Quality of English Language Teaching and Learning through the Task-Based Language Teaching Approach among Student Teachers at Souphanouvong University
This study investigated the use of the Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) method to enhance the quality of English instruction and build students’ confidence in diverse classrooms at the Faculty of Education, Souphanouvong University. The objectives were to: (1) evaluate student teachers’ English learning performance after applying the TBLT method, (2) determine its instructional effectiveness, (3) examine student teachers’ confidence and behavioral engagement during learning, and (4) assess their satisfaction with the method. The sample consisted of 20 third-year student teachers from the English Language Teaching Program during the 2020–2021 academic year. The teaching process followed four stages: introduction, planning and development, practice, and reflection. Research instruments included a teaching plan, performance evaluation, observation checklist, and satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and a one-sample t-test. Results indicated that students’ post-instruction performance was significantly higher than the set criterion (p < 0.05). The instructional efficiency exceeded the 70/70 standard, student teachers exhibited greater confidence, and overall satisfaction was rated at the highest level. The findings suggest that TBLT is an effective approach for enhancing English learning, confidence, and engagement in higher education contexts.
Task‐Based Language Teaching, Learning Evaluation, Effectiveness, Self-confidence, Satisfaction
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science and Teacher Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on Teachers’ Use of Student-Centered Teaching Approach at the Faculty of Education, Champasack University
This research aims to study the current state of student-centered teaching practices among teachers at the Faculty of Education, Champasak University, and to compare the perceptions of administrators and teachers regarding these teaching practices. The sample consisted of 10 administrators and 61 teachers during the 2024–2025 academic year. The research instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. The statistical methods employed for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t-test for mean comparison. The findings revealed that, according to the perceptions of both administrators and teachers, the overall state of student-centered teaching at the Faculty of Education, Champasak University, was at a high level in all aspects—namely, institutional readiness, teacher development, promotion of student-centered learning, and learning-oriented assessment. However, the aspect of teaching and learning evaluation was found to be at a moderate level (µ = 3.60; σ = 0.68). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perceptions of administrators and teachers regarding the state of student-centered teaching.
Administrators’ Perceptions, State of Teaching and Learning, Student-Centered Teaching Approach
A Comparative Study of Learning Achievement and Student Satisfaction with the Use of Activity Worksheets in Teaching the Topic of Chromosomes in Biology among Grade 4 Students at the Demonstration Secondary School, Savannakhet Teacher Training College, Academic Year 2024–2025
This research aimed to 1) compare the learning achievement in Biology on the topic of Chromosomes among students before and after using activity worksheets, and 2) investigate the level of student satisfaction towards learning with these activity worksheets. This study was necessitated by the challenge that the content on chromosomes is complex and abstract, making it difficult for students to grasp using traditional teaching methods. The study employed a Quasi-Experimental Research design using a One-Group Pre-test–Post-test Design. The sample consisted of 32 students from the 4th - Grade students at the Demonstration School of Savannakhet Teacher Training College, selected using Purposive Sampling. The instruments included activity worksheets, a learning achievement test (a pre-and post-test) (25 items), and a satisfaction questionnaire (5-level Likert Scale). Learning achievement data were analyzed using the Paired-Samples t-test, while satisfaction data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean). The research yielded the following key findings: 1) Learning Achievement: Student achievement scores after using the activity worksheets (==22.53) were statistically significantly higher than the scores before use (=8.28). The t-test value was 24.38, with a significance level of p<0.001 and 2) Satisfaction: Student satisfaction towards learning with the activity worksheets was at the "Most Satisfied" level, with an overall mean score of 4.54. The highest satisfaction was observed in the aspects of Content and Measurement and Evaluation. This study concludes that activity worksheets are a highly effective instructional tool. They can significantly raise the learning achievement of the 4th -grade students on the complex topic of Chromosomes and simultaneously increase student satisfaction towards learning. These findings support learning theories that emphasize constructivism and hands-on active learning.
Activity Sheet, Learning Achievement, Satisfaction, Chromosome
An Investigation of the Effects of Discovery Learning on Grade 5 Students’ Satisfaction and Learning Outcomes in the Topic of Cells at Savannakhet Teacher Training College Demonstration Secondary School, Academic Year 2024–2025
This study aimed to examine the learning outcomes, effectiveness, and satisfaction of 5th-grade students regarding discovery learning on the topic of “Cells.” The sample consisted of 26 students from Savannakhet Teacher Training College Demonstration Secondary School. The research instruments included pre-test and post-test achievement tests and a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the Paired Samples t-test. The findings revealed that the post-test mean score (16.62) was significantly higher than the pre-test mean score (5.19). The discovery learning approach met the effectiveness criterion of E1/E2 = 75/75, with actual results of 90.17/83.1. The students’ satisfaction with the discovery learning approach was at the highest level, with an overall mean score of 4.81. The results indicate that discovery learning is an effective instructional method for improving students’ knowledge and fostering positive learning attitudes.
Discovery Learning, Learning Outcomes, Satisfaction, Cell of living things.
A Survey on the Attitudes of Second-Year Student Teachers toward Self-Disciplined Behaviour and Learning Accountability in the Faculty of Education, National University of Laos
The purpose of this study was to examine the level of attitudes towards self-discipline behaviour and learning accountability of second-year student teachers in the Faculty of Education at the National University of Laos academic year 2022-2023. The target group consisted of 209 second-year students from 12 different majors within the Faculty of Education. Data was collected using a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire. A total of 173 complete responses were obtained, with the majority being female students (116 respondents, 67.05%). Research findings found that, overall, second-year students’ self-discipline behaviour and learning accountability were at high level. No significant difference was observed between male and female student teachers in these aspects. Similarly, student teachers across different academic majors showed comparable levels of self-discipline and learning accountability. When analyzed by individual aspects, it was found that the results (ranked from highest to lowest average scores) were as follows: compliance with rules, punctuality, achievement motivation, self-confidence and accountability, respectively. Self-confidence (µ= 3.48, σ= 0.99) and accountability (µ= 3.04, σ= 1.11) emerged as aspects requiring further development, with students demonstrating only moderate levels of these qualities. To further enhance these traits, the research team proposes the following recommendations: 1) Regarding Self-Confidence: teachers should organize diverse activities to encourage greater student participation, providing opportunities for students to develop their skills and build self-confidence; 2) Regarding Accountability: teachers should strictly enforce discipline at all times. Before submitting assignments, students’ work should be reviewed in detail and frequently to avoid mistakes. Also, teachers should continuously monitor students to observe changes in their learning accountability. Additionally, teachers should apply motivational techniques across various subjects to improve and promote students' sense of responsibility for their learning.
Self-disciplined behaviour, Learning accountability, Self-confidence, Punctuality, Compliance with rules, Achievement motivation.
Achievement and Satisfaction of Grade 5 Students in Learning Mathematics through the 5Es Instructional Model at Sathith Primary School in the 2023-2024 Academic Year
This study investigated the effectiveness of teaching fractions in mathematics using the 5E instructional model with 33 fifth-grade students at the Savannakhet Teacher Training College Demonstration Primary School. The study compared students’ learning outcomes before and after instruction and examined their satisfaction with the teaching method. The research instruments included a 5E-based teaching plan and three learning activities, totaling 17 hours of instruction. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test statistics. The findings shows that the mathematics learning outcomes of fifth-grade students taught through the 5E model achieved an effectiveness score of 78.71/78.79. This result demonstrates that the developed teaching tools are of high quality, meet the specified criteria, and can be applied effectively in classroom practice. Students’ mathematics achievement after instruction was significantly higher than before instruction at the .05 level of statistical significance. This indicates that the 5E teaching method enhances students’ learning, deepens conceptual understanding, and improves their ability to solve fraction problems. The study also expresses that students reported high levels of satisfaction with mathematics learning under the 5E model. The results suggest that instructional approaches emphasizing participation, hands-on experiences, and diverse activities foster positive attitudes toward mathematics and increase student engagement. In conclusion, teachers across subject areas are encouraged to apply the 5E model in activity design to promote knowledge acquisition, analytical thinking, idea expression, and real-world problem solving using varied media such as pictures, graphs, games, and simulations. Teachers interested in adopting the 5E model should study its principles thoroughly and adapt activities to suit different topics and learning contexts.
5Es Learning Model, Learning Effectiveness, Satisfaction, Fractions, Elementary Education
A Survey of Teachers’ and Student Teachers’ Opinions on the Management of Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic at the Arts Education College
This study aimed to explore the opinions of teachers and student teachers regarding the management of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Arts Education College, as well as to identify ways to improve and develop online learning management at the institution. The target group consisted of 112 participants, including both teachers and student teachers. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using a computer program to calculate mean scores and standard deviations. Findings revealed that the overall opinions of teachers and student teachers toward online learning management during the COVID-19 pandemic were at a good level. Recommendations from the study include the need for teachers to prepare and adapt to various forms of online learning, provide professional training in online teaching skills, adjust curriculum implementation to suit each academic level, encourage student teachers to engage in individual and group learning activities, supply adequate teaching and learning materials to improve accessibility, and conduct regular monitoring and evaluation of online learning practices.
Online Instructional Management, Opinion of Teachers and Student Teachers, Art Education College
A Simulation Study on the Impact of Packet Loss and Latency on FTTH 35 Mbps Performance Across Different Time Periods
This study aims to investigate the impact of Packet Loss and Latency on the performance of a 35 Mbps Fiber to the Home (FTTH) connection. Experiments were conducted in a controlled environment using iPerf3, Ping to measure and NetEm to simulate network imperfections. Data was collected during two distinct periods, daytime and nighttime, to compare the effects under different network traffic conditions. The results revealed that the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is highly susceptible to both Packet Loss and Latency, with as little as 1% Packet Loss causing a more than 80% drop in TCP Throughput and an increase of 100ms in Latency resulting in a more than 50% Throughput reduction. In contrast, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Throughput remained largely unaffected by these impairments, with data transfer speeds consistently close to 35 Mbps. However, Packet Loss directly impacts the quality of UDP-based real-time services, while increased Latency introduces noticeable delays that degrade the user experience. The findings indicate that both Packet Loss and Latency significantly affect user experience, albeit through different mechanisms, highlighting the critical need for improving network quality.
Packet Loss, Latency, Throughput, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Fiber to The Home (FTTH)
A Study on the Performance of ZeroTier Tunnel and CloudFlare WARP
Remote work and cloud computing through traditional VPN systems face limitations and are increasingly exposed to emerging cybersecurity threats. To address these challenges, the Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) has been developed as an alternative. Based on this new architectural model, several products have been introduced, such as ZeroTier (ZT) Tunnel and Cloudflare (CF) WARP. Each solution applies different mechanisms in managing network traffic and data, which may impact system performance differently. This study aims to compare the performance of ZeroTier Tunnel and Cloudflare WARP in terms of round-trip time (RTT), data transmission rate (DTR) during upload/download data, and CPU and RAM resource utilization. The experiment simulated client-to-server communication using the FTP protocol under two scenarios (ZT Tunnel and CF WARP) and employed Apache JMeter as the data recording tool. The experimental results show that ZT Tunnel outperforms CF WARP in RTT and data transmission rate (DRT) better than CF WARP, while CF WARP use less resources than ZT tunnel during upload but more during download compared to ZT Tunnel, both still have efficient CPU and RAM utilization. However, external factors such as network conditions and testing environments may influence the outcomes. Therefore, further experiments under diverse environments are recommended to validate the findings.
ZeroTier, Cloudflare, Data Transmission, Performance, Resource Utilization.
A Comparative Analysis of Microservices and Monolithic Architectures in the Development of an IT Helpdesk System Using ASP: A Case Study on Performance Speed and Resource Utilization
This research aimed to compare the performance of microservices and monolithic software architectures in developing an IT Helpdesk system using ASP. The comparison focused on three main aspects including response time, memory (RAM) usage, and CPU usage. The evaluation covered four core system tasks: (a) creating a service request, (b) responding to a service request, (c) confirming the service request response, and (d) displaying graphs. Two versions of the IT Helpdesk system were developed: one using a monolithic architecture and the other using a microservices architecture. Performance testing was conducted by simulating workloads with varying volumes of data (100, 1,000, 50,000, and 100,000 requests). Resource usage was monitored using the Resource Monitor tool, and the results were analyzed to calculate averages and compare differences. The study found that in terms of response time, the monolithic architecture outperformed the microservices architecture in all tests, with response times approximately 58% faster on average. In terms of resource usage, the microservices architecture consumed significantly more resources, using about 84% more RAM and 70% more CPU on average, largely due to the overhead of managing multiple independent services. While the monolithic architecture demonstrated superior speed and resource efficiency in small- to medium-sized systems, the microservices architecture offered greater flexibility, scalability, and ease of maintenance, making it more suitable for long-term system growth.
Monolith, Microservice, Architecture, SOAP, ASP
A Study on the Effectiveness of Credit Scoring Using the Current and Modified Models of the Lao Credit Information Company
This study aimed to compare the accuracy performance of credit scoring models between the current and modified versions, as well as to evaluate the risk performance of the new model in reducing risks associated with customer selection. The comparison involved the current credit scoring model (13 indicators) and an improved model (16 indicators, including additional indicators for utility bill payments) used by the Lao Credit Information Company (LCIC). The study utilized customer credit data submitted by commercial banks and financial institutions across Laos to the CIC database. Testing was conducted with datasets of 100, 500, and 1,000 customers, based on indicators such as gender, age, CIB repayment history, marital status, loan purpose, loan term, loan amount, outstanding debt, number of inquiries, overdue days, collateral type, collateral value, province, electricity bill, water bill, and telecommunication bill. The results revealed that the modified model outperformed the current model in both accuracy and risk identification. The new model more effectively predicted repayment ability and reduced the risk of selecting customers likely to default. The findings suggest that the modified model can enhance the credit services of financial institutions, mitigate lending risks, and contribute to the socio-economic development of the Lao PDR by strengthening financial stability.
Credit Score, Lao Credit Information Company, Effectiveness.
The Efficiency and Effectiveness of Web-Based Instruction Using Google Classroom for Creating Presentations with Microsoft PowerPoint at the Faculty of Education, National University of Laos
This research aimed to study the efficiency of web-based instruction through Google Classroom on creating presentations with Microsoft Office PowerPoint, and examine the effectiveness index of web-based instruction through Google Classroom on creating reports with Microsoft Office PowerPoint. The study was conducted with 28 students in the Education Program, majoring in Mathematics, at the National University of Laos. A quasi-experimental design was employed. Research instruments included web-based instructional materials delivered via Google Classroom, covering six topics on how to create reports with Microsoft Office PowerPoint, and a quality evaluation questionnaire for assessing the web-based instruction. Data analysis involved the use of totals, means, standard deviations, and percentages. Results showed that the efficiency of web-based instruction through Google Classroom on how to create reports with Microsoft Office PowerPoint was 89.74/85.78. The effectiveness index of the web-based instruction was 0.80, which meets the standard criterion.
Efficiency, Effectiveness, Web-based Instruction, Google Classroom, Power Point
Comparative Study of FaceNet and ArcFace Performance in Customer Facial Recognition for the Lao Credit Information System
This study compared the performance of two facial recognition technologies, FaceNet and ArcFace, for potential application in the Lao Credit Information Bureau system. The evaluation focused on two key factors: processing speed and recognition accuracy. The methodology involved testing with a sample of 200 individuals drawn from 10 financial institutions (20 participants per institution). Each participant contributed 20 facial images captured from multiple angles (front, 45-degree, and side views) under controlled lighting and distance conditions. Standardized hardware and testing procedures were employed to ensure consistency. Findings revealed significant performance differences between the two technologies. FaceNet demonstrated faster processing speeds, averaging 27.24 seconds per task—approximately 15.01% faster than ArcFace’s average of 31.27 seconds. In contrast, ArcFace achieved higher recognition accuracy, with an average rate of 94.60%, surpassing FaceNet’s 90.75% by 4.26%. The choice between the two technologies depends on implementation priorities. FaceNet is better suited for applications requiring faster processing, whereas ArcFace is preferable in contexts where higher recognition accuracy is critical. These insights can inform the adoption of effective biometric solutions within credit information systems.
Facial Recognition Technology, FaceNet, ArcFace, Biometric Authentication, Credit Information System
Exploring the Use and the User Satisfaction of IoT Devices in Vientiane Capital
This research aims to investigate the use and satisfaction of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in Vientiane Capital. The study aims to contribute to promoting the use of smart devices that are efficient, safe, and easy to use. Data were collected from 400 people in 9 districts of Vientiane Capital, using a questionnaire designed to collect information on three aspects: 1) awareness and understanding of users of IoT devices, 2) use of smart devices, and 3) satisfaction with the cost of installing and maintaining IoT devices. The data collected was analyzed using Excel to obtain the mean and standard deviation. The survey results show that, when considering all three aspects: awareness and understanding, use, and satisfaction with the cost of installing and maintaining IoT devices in Vientiane Capital, they are at a moderate level. This highlights the need to increase awareness, reduce costs, and develop solutions that are suitable for local services to promote the wider and more efficient use of IoT technology in the future.
IoT, Smart Home device, Technology Awareness, User Satisfaction, Service Cost.
Evaluating the Alignment Between Reading Passages and End-of-Chapter Questions in the Lao Language Textbook for Primary Education
This qualitative study aimed to analyze the degree of alignment between end-of-chapter questions and the content of reading passages in the newly revised Lao Language textbooks for primary school (Grades 3–5). The sample, selected through purposive sampling, consisted of 28 reading passages and 98 end-of-chapter questions from the Grade 3 (2021), Grade 4 (2022), and Grade 5 (2023) textbooks. The research instrument was an analysis protocol based on Bloom’s Taxonomy and the Question–Answer Relationship (QAR) framework. The findings show that, for grade 3, out of 58 questions, 52 (89.7%) showed high alignment, 6 (10.3%) showed moderate alignment, and none were misaligned. For grade 4, out of 17 questions, 12 (70.6%) showed high alignment, 3 (17.6%) showed moderate alignment, and 2 (11.8%) were misaligned. For grade 5, out of 23 questions, 21 (91.3%) showed high alignment, none showed moderate alignment, and 2 (8.7%) were misaligned. Overall, across all three grades, out of 98 questions, 85 (86.7%) demonstrated high alignment, 9 (9.2%) showed moderate alignment, and only 4 (4.1%) were misaligned. Highly aligned questions typically emphasized main ideas and key reasons, whereas misalignments were primarily due to technical flaws in question design. This newly revised Lao Language textbook series demonstrates strong alignment between reading passages and end-of-chapter questions, making it an effective tool for assessing comprehension and fostering students’ thinking skills.
Alignment, End-of-chapter questions, Reading comprehension, Lao language textbooks, Primary education.
A Comparative Study of the Performance of GO and TypeScript Programming Languages in Web Application Development
Web Applications play a very important role in daily life and business, which has become an inseparable part. Web Application development can use a variety of programming languages, especially Go and Typescript, which are new languages that have gained popularity due to their modern features. This research study aims to compare the response speed of Web Applications developed in these two languages, especially to compare the response speed of Web Applications developed in GO and Typescript in database management (Select, Insert, Update, Delete). The experiment was conducted by installing Web Applications developed in Go and Typescript on a server. Then, the client machine will collect data on database management performance using Select, Insert, Update, and Delete commands with data sizes ranging from 10 to 100,000 rows. Through the experiment, it was found that Web Applications developed in Go tend to have better processing efficiency and can handle concurrency more easily than Typescript without having to rely on Worker Threads which can be more complicated. This result indicates that Go is more suitable for systems that require high performance and good concurrency management. The results of this study can be used as decision-making information for developers to choose the right technology for their projects. For projects that focus on processing efficiency and concurrency management, Go may be a better choice.
GO, Typescript, processing performance, web applications, performance comparison
Characteristics of Lexical and Phraseological Usage in Lao Social Media: A Case Study of Formal and Informal Contexts
This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of lexical and phraseological usage in both formal and informal contexts on Lao social media. We collected 1,000 lexical items and phrases from Facebook and online novels on the Joylada application, then randomly sampled 278 for analysis based on sociolinguistic theories of online language. Our findings indicate that lexical and phraseological usage can be categorized into two main characteristics: formal usage (46.04%) and informal usage (53.95%). Both contexts display the use of original word forms (e.g., onomatopoeia, new compounds) and innovative word forms (e.g., foreign loanwords, acronyms, symbols). A notable discovery is the prominent use of foreign loanwords and acronyms across both contexts. This reflects a trend toward the standardization of informal language on Lao social media, providing crucial information for the future development of the Lao language in the digital age.
Language Characteristics, Formal context, Informal context, Lao Language Changes, Lao Language in Online Media
Learning Outcomes and Attitudes of Preschool Teacher Students toward Project-Based Learning in Early Childhood Environment Management at Luang Prabang Teacher Training College
This study aimed to examine the learning outcomes, the differences in learning outcomes before and after implementation, and the attitudes of preschool teacher students toward project-based learning in the Environment Management for Preschool Children course. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 22 second-year students selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of pre- and post-tests, project assessment rubrics, and attitude questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. The findings revealed that preschool teacher students’ learning outcomes were at a high level, with a mean score of 15.05 (S.D. = 2.66), equivalent to 75.23%; post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores at the 0.05 level of statistical significance; and preschool teacher students’ attitudes toward project-based learning were at the highest level of agreement, with a mean score of 4.66 (S.D. = 0.51). These results suggest that project-based learning can effectively enhance the learning outcomes and foster positive attitudes among preschool teacher students in the Environment Management for Preschool Children course.
Learning outcomes , Attitudes, Preschool teacher students, Project-based learning, Subject of Environment management.
A Study on Teaching and Learning Mathematics in Area and Volume Using the Think-Pair-Share Technique for 3rd Year Students at Chomphet Secondary School, Chomphet District, Luang Prabang Province
The objectives of this study were to compare the academic achievement of third-year students before and after learning mathematics on the topic of area and volume using the think-pair-share technique; to compare the academic achievement of third-year students in mathematics on the topic of area and volume against the 70% criterion using the think-pair-share technique; and to examine the satisfaction of third-year students with mathematics learning on the topic of area and volume through the think-pair-share technique. The instruments used in this study were seven lesson plans based on the think-pair-share technique; a mathematics achievement test consisting of multiple-choice items with four options, administered both before and after instruction; and a student satisfaction questionnaire on mathematics learning of area and volume through the think-pair-share technique, using a five-point Likert scale across four aspects. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and paired-samples t-test with SPSS software. The study found that the academic achievement of third-year students after learning mathematics on the topic of area and volume through the think-pair-share technique was significantly higher than before learning, at the 0.05 level. Students’ academic achievement after learning was significantly higher than the 70% criterion, at the 0.05 level. The satisfaction of third-year students with mathematics learning on the topic of area and volume through the think-pair-share technique was rated at a high level overall (Mean=3.74; S.D=0.82).
Teaching and learning management, learning think-pair-share, Area and volume.
Land Use Change and Prediction in Kaysone Phomvihane City, Savannakhet Province: An Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and CA-Markov Model
The study of land use change and prediction in Kaysone Phomvihane city, Savannakhet Province, has had the following objectives: 1) To have compared land use changes in Kaysone Phomvihane City, Savannakhet Province, in 2015, 2018, and 2023 using Supervised Classification in ArcMap 10.8 with Landsat 8 OLI satellite images, categorizing land into four types: construction land (including cultural land, national defense-public security land, transportation land, industrial land, and construction land, all classified as the same type), agricultural land, wetland, and forest land; and 2) To have predicted land use in 2028 using the CA-Markov model, with land use classification data from 2018 and 2023 having been used as the database for prediction in the IDRISI Selva 17.0 program. The study found that land use changes between 2015 and 2018 have shown the most significant increase in forest land, followed by construction land and wetland. The areas have increased from 2015 by 35.65, 5.27, and 1.03 km2, accounting for 18.99, 2.28, and 3.47%, respectively. Meanwhile, agricultural land has decreased by 41.95 km2, accounting for 20.70% of the total area. The changes in land use between 2018 and 2023 have shown that construction land has been the only type that has increased, with an area increase from 2018 of 35.34 km2, accounting for 14.98% of the total area. The land types that have decreased include agricultural land, which has reduced the most, followed by forest land and wetland, decreasing by 22.73, 12.26, and 0.35 km2, accounting for 14.14, 5.49, and 1.14%, respectively. The changes in land use between 2015 and 2023 have shown that construction land has increased the most, followed by forest land and wetland, increasing from 2015 by 40.61, 23.39, and 0.68 km2, accounting for 17.60, 12.46, and 2.29%, respectively. Agricultural land has decreased by 64.68 km2, accounting for 31.91%. Using the CA-Markov model, the land use prediction for the year 2028 has indicated that in the future year 2028, construction land will occupy the largest area, followed by forest land, agricultural land, and wetland. The areas will have been 296.21; 195.59; 132.95; and 26.08 km2, accounting for 45.51%, 30.05%, 20.43%, and 4.01%, respectively. The results of this study can be used as a foundational reference for planning land allocation by both public and private sectors, business operations, commercial decision-making, and residential relocation of the population, as well as for similar research.
Land use change, land use prediction, geographic information system, CA-Markov model
A Comparison of Students’ Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in French Reading Comprehension Using the Think-Pair-Share Technique with Questions
The objectives of this study were 1) to compare students’ learning outcomes before and after French reading instruction using the think-pair-share technique with questions, and 2) to assess students’ satisfaction with their French reading comprehension skills when taught through the think-pair-share technique with questions. The sample group comprised 21 Grade 4 students (including 13 females) from the Demonstration High School during the 2024–2025 academic year. The research instruments included: a think-pair-share learning management plan with questions, a test measuring students’ learning achievement, and a questionnaire evaluating students’ satisfaction with the development of their French reading comprehension skills through the think-pair-share teaching method with questions. The statistical methods employed for data analysis were mean, standard deviation, and the dependent samples t-test. The findings revealed that students’ French reading comprehension outcomes improved significantly after instruction using the think-pair-share method with questions. The mean score before instruction was 9.04 (SD = 1.35), while the mean score after instruction was 24.66 (SD = 2.70). Post-test results were significantly higher than pre-test results at the 0.05 level, confirming the research hypothesis. Students reported the highest level of satisfaction with the development of their French reading comprehension skills through the think-pair-share technique with questions, with a mean score of 4.62 (SD = 0.03), exceeding the expected assumption.
Pre-and Post-Learning outcome, Satisfaction, French, Think-pair-share.
Enhancing Grammar Achievement Through Grammar Exercises Based on the Macro Learning Model for Student Teachers at Salavan Teacher Training College
This research aims to: 1) create, validate, and determine the effectiveness of English grammar exercises for second-year students; 2) compare students' English grammar learning achievement before and after using the grammar exercises in conjunction with the Macro Model learning management approach; and 3) investigate the satisfaction of second-year students with the use of the grammar exercises in conjunction with the Macro Model learning management approach. The sample group for this research consisted of 30 second-year students from Salavan Teachers' Training College, enrolled in the second semester of 2025, specifically English-ICT Teacher Education students and Biology Teacher Education students. The sample was obtained through a cluster random sampling method. The research instruments included: 1) grammar exercises; 2) lesson plans based on the Macro Model; 3) a grammar achievement test; and 4) a satisfaction questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis were mean, standard deviation, and the dependent T-Test. The findings revealed that the appropriateness of the grammar exercises, as assessed by experts, was rated at the highest level (Mean = 4.56, S.D. = 0.43), and the effectiveness index was 83.56/84.67. Students’ grammar achievement after using the grammar exercises with the Macro Model was significantly higher than before, at the 0.05 level. Students’ satisfaction with the grammar exercises and the Macro Model-based instruction was rated at the highest level (Mean = 4.54, S.D. = 0.57).
Macro Model, effectiveness, satisfaction, achievement
A Study of the Factors Influencing the Decline of Upper Secondary School Education in Pak Xeng District, Luang Prabang Province
This research aims to study the factors that contribute to the decline in upper secondary school enrolment in Pakxeng District, Luang Prabang Province. The target group used in the research is three secondary schools such as Pakkeng secondary school Sopchaek secondary school and Pakxeng secondary school total was 89 students from a junior high school in Pakxeng district. The instrument used to collect data was a 5-level questionnaire and statistical analysis of the data was done using multiple regression. The results found that the factors that influenced the decline in secondary school enrollment in Pak Xeng District, Luang Prabang Province were Teacher factors with a Beta value of 0.537, with a statistically significant interval P-value = 0.000; the coefficient of variation was 0.537 and Economic factors with a Beta value of 0.268, with a statistically significant interval P-value = 0.011; the coefficient of variation was 0.268.
Teacher factor, Economic factor, selection, high school
Pre-Service Kindergarten Teachers’ Mathematical Thinking on Adding Fractions with the Like and Unlike Denominators at Khangkhay Teacher Training College
The objectives of this study are to (1) explore pre-service kindergarten teachers’ mathematical thinking in adding fractions with like and unlike denominators, and (2) identify their mathematical understanding of adding fractions with like and unlike denominators. The sample of the study consists of 58 first-year pre-service kindergarten teachers enrolled in the 12+2 system. This research relies on qualitative data obtained from analyzing student teachers’ group worksheets and their explanations. The results revealed that pre-service kindergarten teachers have different ways of thinking about adding fractions. They are likely to misunderstand both the procedural and conceptual aspects of adding fractions with like and unlike denominators. Many still operate on fractions as if they were whole numbers and fail to recognize the relationship between numerators and denominators. This study suggests further research into individual pre-service kindergarten teachers’ mathematical thinking using real teaching materials focused on adding fractions with like and unlike denominators. Emphasizing the relationship between numerators, denominators, and the concept of equivalency is crucial for effective teaching and learning of fractions.
Mathematical thinking, Adding fractions, procedural understanding, conceptual understanding
Factors Affecting Grade 3 Students’ Literacy in Soukhuma District, Champasak Province
This research is a study of the factors affecting Grade 3 students’ literacy in Soukhuma District, Champasak Province. The purposes of this research were 1) to study the reading and writing performance of Grade 3 primary school students in Soukhuma District, Champasak Province; 2) to examine the factors that affect their reading and writing skills, and 3) to identify approaches for developing students’ reading and writing skills. Cluster random sampling was used to select the sample group, which consisted of 193 participants, including 56 teachers and 137 students. The research instruments included a reading and writing test for students and a questionnaire for teachers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS. The results showed that students’ reading and writing performance was generally low: 64.15% of students demonstrated poor results, 20.93% performed below good, 14.48% performed at a very good level, and only 0.60% achieved the lowest level, which was classified as moderate overall. Regarding teachers’ opinions on Grade 3 students’ reading and writing, the findings revealed that each factor was rated at a high level with a mean value of ( X= 3.67 S.D = 0.27) Among these, the factor related to teachers was rated highest ( X= 3.87 S.D = 0.32) followed by factors related to learners ( X= 3.58 S.D = 0.41) and factors related to administration ( X= 3.57 S.D = 0.33).
Literacy, Factor, Student performance, Soukhuma District, Champasak Province
Quantitative Analysis of Mineral Content in Seeds of Mucuna Pruriens L. Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Currently, the use of medicinal plants and traditional medicine plays an important role in the public health sector due to increasing trends in the future, especially in developing countries. In the Lao PDR, there is a wealth of natural resources that are medicine, and the people have been using them continuously from generation to generation until the present day. Mucuna pruriens (M. pruriens) seeds have been reported to treat Parkinson's disease and enhance male sexual performance among indigenous communities in Southeast Asia and India. The M. pruriens seed has a high nutritional value and contains essential elements. Research to determine the concentration of critical nutrients in M. pruriens seeds will be a crucial determinant of the plant's efficacy, quality, and added value when used as a food supplement or medication. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mineral content of the M. pruriens seed collected from the Lao PDR using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The results revealed that iron (Fe) was present in the highest concentration, with an average of 177.93 ± 79.37 ppm, followed by manganese (Mn) at 126.21 ± 75.21 ppm and copper (Cu) at 79.93 ± 22.22 ppm, respectively. The validation of the analytical method found that the LOD value was 0.011-0.017 ppm and the LOQ was 0.034-0.053 ppm. The linearity values for Fe, Cu, and Mn were y=0.0731x + 0.0127, R2=0.9968; y=0.1395x + 0.0032, R2=0.9987, and y=0.2319x + 0.0024, R2=0.9995. Among the samples analyzed, those from Khammouane Province showed the highest levels of Cu, Fe, and Mn. The study’s findings indicate that the M. pruriens seeds obtained in the Lao PDR are rich in nutrients and have the potential to be developed further as a dietary supplement to enhance prospective sexual health.
Mucuna pruriens seed, Mineral, Medicinal Plant, Herbal medicine
A Study on the Effectiveness of Vulnerability Tools in Protecting Web Applications from Cyber Threats
In developing a highly efficient web application system, security is just as important as performance, as it must minimize or ideally eliminate vulnerabilities. Therefore, this research examines the effectiveness of two tools—ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy) and Vega—in detecting vulnerabilities in web applications. Both tools are free, widely used, and compatible with multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. They can scan for vulnerabilities in almost any web application, regardless of the programming language used. The objectives of this research are to: 1) study the effectiveness of detecting vulnerabilities; 2) evaluate the effectiveness of scanning speed, and 3) examine the effectiveness of fixing defects in web applications. The experimental method involved installing both tools on a Windows 11 Professional computer and scanning for vulnerabilities 10 times per website across five web applications developed in different programming languages. The results were recorded in Excel, and the average values for all three objectives were calculated for each tool. Finally, the averages were analyzed and compared. The findings show that ZAP is more effective than Vega at detecting vulnerabilities (average score: 60.3 for ZAP versus 11.3 for Vega) and at providing recommendations for resolving issues (average score: 123 for ZAP versus 33 for Vega). However, Vega outperformed ZAP in scanning speed (average time: 125.80 seconds for Vega versus 41,364.01 seconds for ZAP). These experimental results can help developers select the most appropriate tools for reducing vulnerabilities in web application development and for resolving issues quickly and accurately.
Web applications, ZAP, Vega, Vulnerability Scanning tools, Security
Using the PBL Teaching Model to Develop Grammatically Correct English Writing among First-Year Elementary Teacher Students in the 12+2 Program at Pakse Teacher Training College
The purposes of this research were to determine the effectiveness of student teachers’ progress in English writing skills, focusing on grammatical accuracy, through the implementation of problem-based learning (PBL); and to examine students’ satisfaction with English language teaching and learning, particularly in developing grammar-based writing skills using the PBL approach. The experimental group consisted of 32 first-year students in the 12+2 primary teacher education program at Pakse Teacher Training College during the 2021–2022 academic year. Two types of research instruments were used: a test to measure achievement before and after learning English writing with grammatical accuracy through the PBL approach, consisting of 30 multiple-choice items with four options each; and a questionnaire on student satisfaction with PBL (29 items). Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel to calculate both students’ learning effectiveness and their satisfaction. The statistical methods employed included frequency, mean, standard deviation, and an independent sample t-test. The findings revealed that the effectiveness index (E.I) of students’ learning development through the PBL teaching method in improving grammatical accuracy in English writing was 0.5575, indicating that students’ knowledge increased by 55.75%. The post-test score (X = 23.44, S.D = 1.31) was significantly higher than the pre-test score (X = 17.53, S.D = 2.18), with a statistically significant difference (t(32) = 19.31, p < 0.05).
Develop English writing, Teaching PBL style, English writing grammar
Preservation and Promotion of Tai Dam Culture, Bokeo Province, Lao PDR
The main objectives of the research are to describe the rituals of house blessing, new rice harvesting, and village rites; the methods of preserving and promoting the culture of the Tai Dam people; and to prove and explain the differences in the methods of preserving and promoting the culture of the Tai Dam people based on gender, village of residence, and age. A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design was used, which includes both quantitative and qualitative research. The analysis results found that: the purpose of performing the house blessing ritual, new rice harvesting ritual, and village rites of the Tai Dam people is to feed the house spirits, father and mother spirits, grandparents' spirits, relatives' spirits, ancestral spirits, heavenly deities, and to ensure that descendants in the family live well, are strong, have long lives, and are free from all kinds of diseases and misfortunes. In addition, it was also found that: on the day before the house blessing and new rice harvesting rituals, there are many important traditional activities, such as preparing drinks, food, arranging sweet and savory dishes, Khao Mao (flattened rice), and Khao Hang (roasted rice). On the day of the house blessing and new rice harvesting rituals, sweet and savory food trays, white liquor, and drinking water are prepared and offered to the ancestors at the Kalor Hong (ancestral altar), followed by a meal shared with relatives. On the day before the village rites, there are also many important traditional activities, such as preparing drinks and food, arranging sweet and savory dishes, as well as Khao Mao and Khao Hang. On the day of the village rites, sweet and savory food trays, white liquor, and drinking water are prepared and offered at the village spirit shrine to feed the village spirits. San Ta Laew (woven bamboo symbols) are planted around the village, wooden Kathong (offerings) are carried, gongs are beaten, drums are beaten, cymbals are beaten, large drums (Kong Yai) are beaten, and a procession goes from house to house, playing Mak Khang, Mak Lae, and Mak Khon, along with eating together with relatives. The analysis also found that the Tai Dam ethnic group preserves their cultural heritage by learning about culture, traditions, and way of life, regularly organizing rituals, and instilling cultural awareness in descendants who are successors. Cultural dissemination is given attention through various forms, such as artistic performances on important occasions, creating public relations activities to promote culture through digital formats in the information technology era with the participation of all relevant parties in the community.
Preservation, Promotion, Tai Dam culture, Bokeo Province.
Preservation and Promotion of Performing Arts as a Unique World Heritage City of Luang Prabang Province in Accordance with the National Socio-Cultural Plan
This research aims to study the preservation and promotion of unique traditional performing arts in Luang Prabang, a World Heritage City, in accordance with Laos’ National Socio-Cultural Development Plan. The study collected information on the types, historical backgrounds, transformation processes, challenges, and preservation approaches of these arts. Data was gathered through interviews with senior and successor artists for 25 people. The findings reveal a rich diversity of performing arts in Luang Prabang, including various forms of “Khab” (traditional singing such as Khab Thum, Arn Nangsue, Khab Salang-Samsaew, etc.), “Fon” (traditional dancing such as Fon Nang Kaew, Fon Phalack Phalame), and “Lakhon I-Pok” (I-Pok Drama). Each form possesses unique historical and characteristic features deeply embedded in the local culture and beliefs. However, these arts face significant challenges from social development, the influence of modern media, and economic constraints. Key preservation strategies identified include raising awareness, utilizing traditional festivals as platforms for dissemination, creative adaptation of new forms, knowledge transfer, and government support. This research provides crucial insights for planning and implementing initiatives to safeguard and promote Luang Praban’s invaluable cultural heritage.
Performing arts, Luang Prabang, Preservation, Promotion, Traditional culture.