The Implementation of the Teams–Games–Tournament (TGT) Teaching Technique in Inclusive Education Courses for Second-Year Pre-Service Early Childhood Teachers under the 12+2 System at Luang Prabang Teacher Training College, Academic Year 2024–2025

Abstract

This study aimed (1) to examine the efficiency of lesson plans developed using the Teams–Games–Tournaments (TGT) technique based on the 80/80 efficiency criterion, (2) to evaluate students’ learning achievement, and (3) to investigate students’ satisfaction with TGT-based instructional activities. The participants were 12 second-year female students enrolled in the Early Childhood Education program under the 12+2 system, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of TGT-based lesson plans, a learning achievement test, and a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to calculate the mean (X), standard deviation (S.D.), lesson plan efficiency (E1/E2), and the effectiveness index (E.I.). The results showed that the efficiency of the TGT-based lesson plans was 86.31/91.93, which exceeded the established 80/80 criterion. The effectiveness index was 0.87, equivalent to 87.00%, indicating a high level of learning effectiveness above the predetermined standard. Furthermore, students’ overall satisfaction with the TGT instructional activities was at the highest level (X= 4.56, S.D. = 0.88).